The Influence of Metropolitan Spatial Structure on Commuting Time*
نویسندگان
چکیده
The monocentric city ultimately becomes inefficient as urban growth continues because of increasing congestion close to the CBD. Although the exhaustion of CBD agglomeration economies is another major reason for the breakdown of monocentricity, these congestion costs are sufficient grounds alone for the emergence of the policentric metropolitan region. Theoretical models of the policentric city usualIy imply shorter commuting times because of the assumption that households in choosing residential locations cluster around employment subcenters to minimize commuting trips. However, in a world of multiple economic sectors that are not uniformly dispersed, heterogeneous labor, and residential neighborhood differentiation, workers may commute across metropolitan areas so that average trip times could become longer rather than shorter. Which of these outcomes is more prevslent is an empirical question that has not received much attention. Apart from the number of major employment centers, commuting times are also influenced by city size and metropolitan density. However, at the level of descriptive analysis the relationship between city size, population density, and travel time is not clear-cut. For example, Table 1 shows these data for the 19 urbanized areas with population densities greater than 3500 persons per square mile and for the 20 largest urbanized areas (7 of the cities are members of both groups). New York is an outlier with the longest average commute (32.3 minutes) combined with a very low value for vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita, suggesting severe congestion. The eight
منابع مشابه
Influencing Variables on Urban Spatial Structure in Metropolitan Regions; a Study in the Contemporary Theoretical Approaches and Practices
متن کامل
The role of government decisions on regional development with the approach spatial planning and sustainable development
Power as an institution, governance as structure and spatial organization is considered as an organizational tool in the service of the goals and aspirations of the institutions of power and governance structure. In this framework the spatial organization and geographic environment is a result of social organization (social, economic, political), and its natural and ecological system. Human aut...
متن کاملThe Effects of Polycentric Development on Commuting Patterns in Metropolitan Areas
The study of how employment decentralization in polycentric metropolitan areas affects patterns of commuting has created many intense debates in the research areas of geography and urban planning based on empirical studies in developed countries of North America, Europe, Oceania as well as developing countries of Asia during last two decades (Gordon & Wong 1985; Cervero & Landis 1991; Giuliano ...
متن کاملAnalysis of the impact of space organization on the viability of the Karaj metropolitan core
Abstract With the rapid growth of population and urbanization since the last century, the complexity and understanding of the spatial organization of the city, as well as the ability to predict urban events in its spaces, have become difficult and in some cases impossible. Karaj metropolis is one of the major metropolitan areas of Iran that has been experiencing rapid population growth and thi...
متن کاملSpatial Structure and Spatial Impacts of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Southeast Asian EMR Perspective
This paper investigates the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), with reference to the concept of the Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR). A combination of factor analysis and local Getis-Ord (Gi*) hot-spot analysis is used to identify clusters of employment in the region, including those of the urban and agriculture sectors. Spatial statistical...
متن کامل